HD10 : THEORY OF MACHINES

1.ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF MACHINES

Machine, Scope of Theory of Machines, Branches of Theory of Machine,. Lome,Kinematics  of Machines, Dynamic of Machines, Static’s and Kinetics, Resistant Bodies, Link of Element Machine, Frame, Kinematic Pair and its Classification , Different Types of Kinematic Pairs – Unclosed Pairs, Rollin, Screw or Helical and Spherical , Lower and Higher Pairs, Closed and  Unclosed Pairs, Motion and its Types, Constrained Motion, Completely  Constrained , Partiallly or successfully Constrained and Incompletely Constrained , Kinematic Chain, Mechanism  , Well known Kinematic Chains and their Inversions, Quadric Cycle Chain, Beam Engine, Coupled Wheels, of Locmotives, Watt Parallel Motion, Slider Crank Chain and its Inversion- Pendulum pump, Oscillatory Cylinder Engine, Quick Return Motion (Crank and Slotted  Lever Type and Whitworth Type), Gnome Engine, Double Slider Crank Chain and its Inversions- Oldham’s Coupling, Elliptical Trammel, Donkey Pump Machine, Difference between Machine and Mechanism.

2. VELOCITY AND ACCELARATION OF LINKS IN MECHANISMS

Displacement  , Velocity and Acceleration, Representation of Linear Velocity and Acceleration by Vector, Motion of a Link of a Machine, Determination of Velocities of Links of a Mechanism , Relative Velocity Method of Determination of Velocities of Links of Mechanism, Velocity of Any Point in Link, Application of Relative Velocity Method – Four Bar linkage, Stone Crusher Mechanism, Reciprocating Pump Mechanism, Velocity Diagram for Quick Return Motion of Crank and Slotted Lever Type , Determination of Ratio of Times and Maximum Velocities for Quick Return Motion – Crank and Slotted Lever Type, Instantaneous Centre Method, Application of Instanteous Centre Method, Four Bar Linkage, Reciprocating Engine Mechanism , Sewing  Machine Needle Box Mechanism , Toggle Machine Mechanism , Another Simpler Method to find Piston Velocity of Reciprocating  Engine Mechanism , Velocity Diagram of Mechanism for Feeding Paper Wrapping Machine , Velocity Diagram of four Bar Linkage by Simple  Method , Total Acceleration of a Point in Rigid Link, Absolute Acceleration of a Point in a Rigid Link,  Method of Drawing an Acceleration Diagram of a Given  Mechanism, Acceration Centre of Link,Klein’s Construction of Reciprocating Engine Mechanism ,Acceleration Diagram of a Four Bar Linkage , Acceleration Diagram of Four Bar Linkage by Klein’s Construction , Coriolis Acceleration, Determination of Magnitude of Coriolis Component.

3. LOWER PAIRS

 Introduction , Pantagraph, Straight Line Motion, Copied and Generated  Straight  Line Motion, Peaucillier Mechanism , Hart Meachism , Scott- Russel Mechanism including Modified Form, Elliptical Trammel, Scott- Russel Mechanism, General Case , Grasshopper Mechanism, Watt Mechansim, Tchebichelf Mechanism, Kemp’s Translation Linkages, Parallel Linkages, Parallel  Rules, Universal  Drafting Machine, Lazy Tongs, Engine Pressure Indicators, Simplex Indicator,Crosby Indicator, Richard  Indicator, Thomson Indicator, Dobbie – Mclonnes Indicator, Automobiles Steering Gear, Davis Steering Gear, Ackermann Steering  Gear, Hooke’s Joint or Universal Coupling, Determination of Velocity Ration of Driving  and Driven Shafts, Salient Features of Driven Shaft Speed, Angular Acceleration  of Driven Shaft , Double Hooke’s Joint.

4.GLROSCOPIC AND PRECESSIONAL MOTIONS

 Angular Accerleration and Its Vector Representation , Definition : Axis of Spin , Gyroscopic Effect, Precession, Axis of  Precession and Gyroscope, Gyroscope Couple of a Plane Disc, Gyroscopic  , Effect on the Movements of a Naval Ship, Ship Stabilization , Stability of Automobile or Locomotive taking a Turn, Effect  of Precession by a body Fixed Rigidly at a Certain Angle to a  Revolving Shaft.

5.DYNAMIC OF RECIPROCATING PARTS

Introduction , Displacement, Velocity and Accelaration of Reciporcating Parts in a Reciprocating Engine, Fourier Series for Velocity and Accelerating of Reciprocating Parts of an Engine , Augular Displacement , Velocity and Acceleration of Connection , Pistion Effort, Equilibrium of Forces at Crosshead  Pin or Gudgeon, Crank Effort for any Crank Position, Graphical Construction for Determination of Crank Effort for any Crank Position, Crank Effort, Diagrams , Method of Drawing Crank Effort Diagrams, Turning Moment Diagram for a  Double Acting Vertical Steam Engine , Turning Moment Diagram for a Four Stroke Cycle Internal Combustion Engine, Turning Moment Diagram  for a Multicylinder Engine, Use of Crank Effort Diagram, Flywheel, Types of Flywheels, Size of Flywheels.

6.GOVERNORS

Distinction between Functions of a Flywheel and a Governor , Types of Governors- Centrifugal and Inertia Governors, Pendulum and Dead Weight Type Centrifugal Governor , Simple Watt Governor, Simple Watt  Governor with Consideration of Weight of Arm, Open and Crossed Arm Type Watt Governor, Limitations of a SimpleWatt Governor, Determination of Speed of Porter Governor by Method, of Resolution of Forces, determination of Speed  of Porter Governor by Instantaneous Centre Method, Effect of Friction and Functioning of a Governor , Proell Governor , Spring Loaded Governor, Hartnell Governor, Principle of Action of Hartmell Governor, Wilson- Hartnell Governor, Governor with Gravity and Spring Control , Hartung Governor, Pickering Governor, Derivation of Equilibrium Speed for Pickering Governor , Inertial  Governor , Controlling Forces , Quality of Governor , Sensitiveness , Insensitiveness due to Friction, Stabililty, Isochronous Governor and Hunting of Governor , Effort of Governor, Power of Governor.

7.BELTS , ROPES AND CHAINS

Higher Pairs, Types of Drive with Higher Pairs, Flexible or Wrapping Connectors, Types of Flexible Connectors , Belts and Ropes , Material  of Belts, Neutral Section and Pitch Surface , Types of Drive, Parallel Drive with Open & Crossed Belts, Idler Pulley, Intermediate or Countershaft Pulley, Angle of Right Angle Drives, Quarter Turn Drive, Velocity Ratio , Large Velocity Ratios, Crowning of Pulleys, Loose and Fast Pulleys, Slip, Determination of Belt Length – Exact Length of  Open Belt, Approximate Length of Open Belt and Length of Crossed Belt, Stepped or Cone Pulley’s ,Design of Stepped Pulleys , Open and Crossed Belts, V-Belts, Advantages of V- Belt over Flat Belt, Ratio of Friction Tension on Tight and Slack Sides of Belts , Horse Power Transmitted , Angle of Contact , Centrifugal Tension, Initial Tension , Creep, Determination of Creep.

8.BRAKES AND DYNAMOMETERS

(A) Brakes - Brakes and Dynamometers, Types of Brakes, Block or Shoe Brake, Band Brake,Bank and Block Brake, Internal Expanding Shoe Brake, Determination of Pressure and Torque of Internal Expanding Shoe Brake , Effect of Braking.

(B) Dynamometers - Types of Dynamometer- Absorption and Transmission Types, Prony Brake Dynamometer, Determination of Brake Test Curves, Rope Brake Dynamometer , Critical Speed of Pulley, Advantages , Tesla  Fluid Friction Dynamometer , Froude Water Voriex Dynamometer , Swinging , Field , Electrical Dynamometer, Absorption and Transmission Types, Electrical Dynamometer, Bevis- Gibson Flash -  Light Torsion Dynamometer , Amsier Torsion Dynamometer.

9.CAMS

Cam Mechanism and its Uses, Types of Cams and Followers, Definition , Base Circle and Least Radius , Lift Angles of Ascent, Dwell , Descent and Action, Main Consideration Affecting Choice of Cam Profiles, Pressure Angle , Base Circle Diameter, Kinematic Study  of Cams, Usual Motions for Followers , Simple Harmonic Motion for the Followers, Displacement , Velocity and Acceleration Diagram, Uniformly Accelerated and Decelerated Motion for the Follower, Uniform Velocity Motion for the Follower , Sine Acceleration or Cyclodical Motion for the Follower, Profile  of a Cam Operating a Roller Follower , Profile of an  Offset Cam Operating a Roller Follower , Profile of a Cam Operating  on Oscillating Roller Follower ,Profile of a Cam Operating Flat- Faced Follower , Common Profiles of Cams , Tangent Cam with a  Roller Follower  , Graphical Construction for Tangent Cam with a Roller Follower ,Circular Cam Operating  a Flat – Faced Follower , Determination of Motion of a Follower  Operated by a Cam of any Profile.

10.TOOTHED GEARS

Toothed Gears and their Uses, Types of Toothed Gears , Spur Gears, Internal  Spur Gears, Spur Rack, Bevel Gears, Helical Gears, Double Helical Gears, Worm Gears, Definition, Pitch Circle Diameter, Pitch Surface , Pitch Point, Pitch: Circular Pitch, Diameter Pitch, Module, Addendum, Dedendum, Clearance, Addendum Circle, Outside Diameter, Internal Diameter, Dedendum Circle, Root Diameter , Root Diameter for Internal Gears . Base Circle Diameter, Base Pitch, Centre Distance, Centre Distance for Internal Gears, Backlash, Face to Tooth, Circular Width of Tooth Space, Flank of Tooth, Full Depth of Tooth , Circular Thickness of Tooth, Fillet, Angle of Obliquity or Pressure Angle, Path of Contact,  Arc of Contact, Arc of Approach, Arc of Recess, Condition for Correct Gearing and Resulting Velocity of Sliding , Forms of Teeth, Cycloid and its Variants, Epicycloid and Hydpocyloid , Cycloidal Teeth, Path of Contact of Cycloidal Gears, Involute, Method of Drawing and Involute , Involute Function, Main Characteristics of Involute Teeth, Interference in Involute Gears , Minimum Number of Teeth on a Gear Wheel, Length of Arc of contact, Gauging of Straight Spur Gear Teeth , Comparison of Involute and Cycloid Gear Systems , Helical Teeth , Definition , Helical Gear, Axial Pitch, Normal Pitch, Lead,  Helix  Angle, Spiral Gears, , Expression for Centre Distance  Between Two Shafts Connected by Spiral Gears, Efficiency of a Pair of Spiral Gears in Mesh, Worm and Worm Gears, Methods of Manufacturers of Gears, Forming by Means of Rotary Disc Cutter, Cutting of Teeth by a Hob , Correction of Spur Gear Teeth or Methods of Avoiding  Interference , Stub – Teeth , Increase of Pressure Angle of Gears , Increase of Centre Distance of Gears , Positive and Negative Correction.

11.GEAR TRAINS

Introduction, Train Value, Limitations in Design  of Gear Train, Types of Gear Trains , Simple Gear Train, Compound Gear  Train, Reverted Gear Train, Sliding Gear Box for Automobile, Epicyclic Gear Train , Methods of Finding  Train Value or Velocity Ratio of an Epicyclic Gear Train, Torques and Tooth Loads  in Epiclyclic Gear, Trains , Inertia Effects in Epicyclic Gearing, Sun and Planet Gear, Pre- Selective Gear Box , Differential Gear on an Automobile.

12.BALANCING

 Balancing and its Classification , Need for Balancing , Balancing  of a Single Rotating Weight by another Rotating Weight in the Same Plane , Balancing on a number of Weights Rotating in One Plane by Another Weight Rotating in the same Plane, Balancing a Number of Weights Rotating in Different Planes, Balancing of Reciprocating Parts, Partial Balancing of Primary Forces. Balancing of Locomotives , Effect of Partial Balancing of Primary Forces, Balancing of Locomotives , Effect of Partial Balancing of Reciprocating  Parts of Two Cylinder Locomotive- Variation of Tractive Force,Swaying Couple  Hammer blow, Coupled Parts of a Engine, Balancing of In-Line Engines , Two Cylinder  and Four Cylinder In- Line Engines, Balancing of Higher Harmonies in High Speed Engines with Identical Reciprocating Parts, Balancing of V- Engines.

13. VIBRATIONS

Introduction, Types of Vibration , free or Natural , Forced, Undamaged and Damped, Longitudinal , Tranverse and Torsional , Definitions, Periodic, Period, Cycle, Frequency, Degree of Freedom, Priciple Mode of Vibration, General Expression for Vibratory Motion Considering , Actuating Force, Free or Natural Undamped vibration , Free Damped Vibration (Viscous Damping), Forced  Undamped Vibration, Forced Damped Vibration , Differential Equations Method, Forced Damped Vibration, vector Method, Vibration when Support is Flexible and Executes, Undamped , Damper Grounded and Damper Connected  to Spring , Vibration Isolation, Multidegree Freedom System, Two Degree  Freedom System, Undamped Vibration Absorber, Pendulum Absorber, Transverse, General Expression for Transverse Vibration Carrying Distributed Load, Frequency  of Transverse Vibration of Simply Supported Shaft Carrying Uniformly Distributed  Load, Frequency of Transverse Vibration Carrying Several Loads, Dunkerly Method, Energy or Raleigh’s Method , Whirling of Shaft, Critical Speed, Torsional Vibration, Determination of Equivalent Inertia of Rotating and Reciprocating Parts of Engine , Reducing a Bent Crankshaft to an Equivalent Straight Shaft, Torsionally Equivalent Shaft, Torsional Vibration of Two Rotor System , Torsional  Vibration of Three  Rotar Systems when Diameter and Length of Various  Portions of Shaft are Given, Torsinal Vibration of three Rotor System when Stiffness of Various Portions of  Shaft Given , Analytical Method, Tabular Method for Torsinol Vibration of Geared  System , Equating  Strain Energy in Extreme Positions, Equating Kinetic Energy in Mean Position, Multiflar System , Biflar and Triflar Suspensions , Equivalent Spring System, Vibration Absorbers, Metallic and Organic Absorbers. Vibration Instrumentation, Amplitude, Frequency, Velocity and Acceleration Measuring Instruments.